#考研 翻译长难句技巧详解
一、翻译技巧之减译法详解
减译法：由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文中去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。
1)省略代词。如:
We are pleased to have received your invitation to the symposium on internet.非常高兴收到你寄来的参加互联网会议的邀请。(省略代词“我们”)
If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion.如果连锁反应不加控制，就可能引起可怕的爆炸。(省略代词it, it在这里代表the chain reaction)
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的，关注微信公众号：郑大行管考研水华班 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继续下去了。(原文中两处代词it均为形式宾语，)(示范)
It was stipulated that the goods should be delivered in three days.规定三天后发货。(it是形式主语，that是先行词)
2)省略冠词。如:
The volume of a gas increase more quickly than that of a liquid.气体体积增加的速度比液体快。
3)省略连词。如:
When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。(连词when可以不译)
Henry had worked in a bank for years, and then he went to study in MIT.亨利在一家银行工作了几年，然后去麻省理工大学学习去了。
4)省略介词。如:
The distinction between light and pigment is important to color theory.区别光和色对于色彩理论来说很重要。(between可以不译) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of science.多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家忽视了。(示范)
Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。
The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油供应可能随时被切断;不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右所有的油井都会枯竭。(示范)
5)省略名词。如: Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled.也许你忘记了五月份的购货款还没有结算。(fact后面引导的是一个同位语从句，可以不译)
6)省略动词。如:
There is no doubt that we’ll carry out the experiment successfully.毫无疑问我们一定能把实验搞成功。(there is不翻译)
He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采访者的问题时，很有礼貌。(behave不翻译) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽里略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球旋转。
二、翻译技巧之增译法详解
1)抽象名词后加词使其具体化。如: serious unemployment严重的失业问题
He was still reluctant to talk substance.他仍然不愿意谈实质性的东西。
2)增加一个适当的名词。如:
The temperature needed for this progressing is lower than that needed to melt the metal.这种关注微信公众号：郑大行管考研水华班加工方法所需要的温度要低于熔化该金属的温度。 Fundamentally, electronics is based upon an understanding of the physical world, that is, upon physics.电子学基本上是以人们对物质世界的认识，也就是以物理学为基础的。(补充被动语态省去的部分)
3)增加数量词。如: first oil well第一口油井It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。(示范)
4)增加形容词。如:
Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.速度快，可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。
5)不及物动词后增加宾语。如:
John’s mother washed for a living after his father died.约翰的父亲去世后，他母亲以洗衣为生。
I haven’t enough time to read.我没有足够的时间读书。
6)增加连词。如:If you are an energetic man with which you are concerned, you find yourself invariably under the orders of some big man at the top who is elderly, weary and cynical.如果你是个精力充沛的人，对于如何恰当地完成你的工作有着独到的见解，那么你会发现自己总是听命于上面的某个大人物。而他又是一个上了年纪，精力不支，还爱吹毛求疵的人。
7)增加表示时态的词。如:
You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor.你过去是，现在是，将来仍然是我敬爱的导师。
We were hoping to have a holiday next week, but we may not be able to get away now.我们原来盼着下星期放假，但现在我们可能走不了了。
8)增加一个适当的动词。如:The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other resources of fuel for the future.世界无需担心将来可能出现的煤、石油、天然气或者其他燃料来源短缺的问题。
9)增加英语中省略的词。如:
We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
一、翻译技巧之减译法详解
减译法：由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文中去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。
1)省略代词。如:
We are pleased to have received your invitation to the symposium on internet.非常高兴收到你寄来的参加互联网会议的邀请。(省略代词“我们”)
If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion.如果连锁反应不加控制，就可能引起可怕的爆炸。(省略代词it, it在这里代表the chain reaction)
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的，关注微信公众号：郑大行管考研水华班 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继续下去了。(原文中两处代词it均为形式宾语，)(示范)
It was stipulated that the goods should be delivered in three days.规定三天后发货。(it是形式主语，that是先行词)
2)省略冠词。如:
The volume of a gas increase more quickly than that of a liquid.气体体积增加的速度比液体快。
3)省略连词。如:
When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。(连词when可以不译)
Henry had worked in a bank for years, and then he went to study in MIT.亨利在一家银行工作了几年，然后去麻省理工大学学习去了。
4)省略介词。如:
The distinction between light and pigment is important to color theory.区别光和色对于色彩理论来说很重要。(between可以不译) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of science.多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家忽视了。(示范)
Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。
The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油供应可能随时被切断;不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右所有的油井都会枯竭。(示范)
5)省略名词。如: Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled.也许你忘记了五月份的购货款还没有结算。(fact后面引导的是一个同位语从句，可以不译)
6)省略动词。如:
There is no doubt that we’ll carry out the experiment successfully.毫无疑问我们一定能把实验搞成功。(there is不翻译)
He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采访者的问题时，很有礼貌。(behave不翻译) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽里略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球旋转。
二、翻译技巧之增译法详解
1)抽象名词后加词使其具体化。如: serious unemployment严重的失业问题
He was still reluctant to talk substance.他仍然不愿意谈实质性的东西。
2)增加一个适当的名词。如:
The temperature needed for this progressing is lower than that needed to melt the metal.这种关注微信公众号：郑大行管考研水华班加工方法所需要的温度要低于熔化该金属的温度。 Fundamentally, electronics is based upon an understanding of the physical world, that is, upon physics.电子学基本上是以人们对物质世界的认识，也就是以物理学为基础的。(补充被动语态省去的部分)
3)增加数量词。如: first oil well第一口油井It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。(示范)
4)增加形容词。如:
Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.速度快，可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。
5)不及物动词后增加宾语。如:
John’s mother washed for a living after his father died.约翰的父亲去世后，他母亲以洗衣为生。
I haven’t enough time to read.我没有足够的时间读书。
6)增加连词。如:If you are an energetic man with which you are concerned, you find yourself invariably under the orders of some big man at the top who is elderly, weary and cynical.如果你是个精力充沛的人，对于如何恰当地完成你的工作有着独到的见解，那么你会发现自己总是听命于上面的某个大人物。而他又是一个上了年纪，精力不支，还爱吹毛求疵的人。
7)增加表示时态的词。如:
You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor.你过去是，现在是，将来仍然是我敬爱的导师。
We were hoping to have a holiday next week, but we may not be able to get away now.我们原来盼着下星期放假，但现在我们可能走不了了。
8)增加一个适当的动词。如:The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other resources of fuel for the future.世界无需担心将来可能出现的煤、石油、天然气或者其他燃料来源短缺的问题。
9)增加英语中省略的词。如:
We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
